2.2.2 Reform: Gluck, the attack on the Metastasian ideal, and Mozart.

Operas were also performed on (and written for) radio and television. With the rise of recording technology, singers such as Enrico Caruso became known to audiences beyond the circle of opera fans. The 20th century saw many experiments with modern styles, such as atonality and serialism ( Schoenberg and Berg), Neoclassicism ( Stravinsky), and Minimalism ( Philip Glass and John Adams). During the 19th century, parallel operatic traditions emerged in central and eastern Europe, particularly in Russia and Bohemia. The popularity of opera continued through the verismo era in Italy and contemporary French opera through to Puccini and Strauss in the early 20th century. The mid-to-late 19th century was a 'golden age' of opera, led and dominated by Wagner in Germany and Verdi in Italy. It also saw the advent of Grand Opera typified by the works of Meyerbeer. The first third of the 19th century saw the highpoint of the bel canto style, with Rossini, Donizetti and Bellini all creating works that are still performed today. Today the most renowned figure of late 18th century opera is Mozart, who began with opera seria but is most famous for his Italian comic operas, especially The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Così fan tutte, as well as The Magic Flute, a landmark in the German tradition. Opera seria was the most prestigious form of Italian opera, until Gluck reacted against its artificiality with his 'reform' operas in the 1760s. However, in the 18th century, Italian opera continued to dominate most of Europe, except France, attracting foreign composers such as Handel.

Opera started in Italy at the end of the 16th century (with Jacopo Peri's lost Dafne, produced in Florence around 1597) and soon spread through the rest of Europe: Schütz in Germany, Lully in France, and Purcell in England all helped to establish their national traditions in the 17th century. The performance is typically given in an opera house, accompanied by an orchestra or smaller musical ensemble. Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery, and costumes and sometimes includes dance. Opera is part of the Western classical music tradition.

Opera is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score.

Opera music examples